Stalingrad 1942-1943

Turning Point of the German Soviet War and World War II

Nov 14, 2009 Michael Streich

German defeat at Stalingrad resulted from irrational strategy devised by Adolf Hitler as well as numerous other factors including supply problems and weather.

The Battle of Stalingrad is often referred to as the “Verdun of World War II.” Historian Martin Middlebrook calls it the “decisive battle of the Second World War.” Stalingrad turned the Russian army from defensive operations to an offensive stance and after the surrender of Field Marshal Paulus’ 6th Army, the Germans began a long and bloody withdrawal all along the lines of battle. Russian expert David MacKenzie writes that Stalingrad was “the psychological and…military turning point of the German-Soviet War.”

The Russian Winter of 1942-1943

Adolf Hitler, having failed to take Leningrad and Moscow, was determined to conquer the city on the Volga River that bore the name of his nemesis. Possession of Stalingrad was key to controlling the Caucasus oil fields. The deployment of 6th Army to Stalingrad coincided with two army groups ordered into the region of Baku. Control of Stalingrad meant control of the wheat crop, manganese ore, and oil. Additionally, Russia’s largest tank factory was located in Stalingrad.

The attack on Stalingrad, however, came with the onset of a bitter winter. The 6th Army and its support troops made up of Romanian and Hungarian units deployed north of the city, was not prepared for the harsh conditions nor the arrival of fresh Russian troops from Siberia. Commanded by Marshal Zhukov, Stalin’s most brilliant general, the Soviets were able to ultimately complete a double-encirclement of the 6th Army, which was reduced to house-to-house fighting in the pursuit of conquering “Fortress Stalingrad.”

Hitler’s Irrational Decisions Sacrificed the Sixth Army

Adamantly refusing to accept the recommendations of the most senior members of the German High Command, Hitler replaced the dissenters with generals willing to accept his blundering decisions. Among those dismissed was Colonel-General Franz Halder, a talented officer who foresaw the coming German disaster in Russia due to over-extended supply lines, faltering strategy, and the growing inability to adequate resupply troops.

Some historians question Hitler’s choice of Friedrich Paulus as commander of the 6th Army, an able “thinker” who had helped design and plan Operation Barbarossa, but had never held a major command post. Paulus would follow Hitler’s orders to the letter, even after it became evident that by not breaking out of the Stalingrad ring, the army would be doomed.

Although the Battle of Stalingrad took place in November 1942, the 6th Army continued to defend their positions until February 2nd, 1943 when Paulus, sickly and worn, finally agreed to the Soviet surrender ultimatum. Hitler had promoted him to Field Marshal during the final weeks of the battle, knowing that no German Field Marshal had ever surrendered. Paulus was expected to commit suicide, but instead lived for many years afterward as a Soviet prisoner.

Final Promises and Efforts Fail to Relieve the 6th Army

There is some evidence that Hitler was finally persuaded to allow Paulus to extricate himself from Stalingrad through a northern corridor still open before the final encirclement. Additionally, Field Marshal Eric von Manstein had been ordered to create Army Group Don which was to rapidly move south to Stalingrad and relieve Paulus. But Hitler’s decision changed after Herman Goring convinced him that the Luftwaffe could keep the 6th Army supplied. As in Dunkirk in 1940, Goring’s boasts proved ineffectual.

When Paulus surrendered his army, 90,000 surviving soldiers and officers were marched to Siberia; only 6,000 ever returned to Germany after the war. Paulus was kept under house arrest in Moscow before being allowed to move to Communist Eastern Germany where he eventually died in Dresden. Military historian Walter Goerlitz referred to Stalingrad as “the second Jena,” drawing a parallel to the Prussian defeat by Napoleon. This was the turning point in Europe that turned the tide of battle for the Russians.

Sources:

• Walter Goerlitz, History of the German General Staff (London: Westview Press, 1985)
• Martin Middlebrook, “Paulus,” Hitler’s Generals, Correlli Barnett, Ed. (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989)
• Lynn Montross, War Through the Ages, 3rd Ed (New York: Harper and Row, 1960)
• Theodor Plievier, Stalingrad(Vienna: Verlag Kurt Desch, 1958)

© 2009 Michael Streich

December 2020

My maternal grandfather, Karl Piehl, was a soldier at Stalingrad. He had been drafted early in 1940 and was transferred to the Eastern Front once Germany invaded Russia. Although a very peaceful man who carried a copy of the Torah and the Bible in his Rucksak, what he saw and experienced at Stalingrad stayed with him until he died. His best friend died right next to him, making the mistake of peering over a snow bank and being shot by a Russian sniper right between the eyes. Until my grandfather passed on, he took on the role of uncle to the four children of his friend. He was shot in the leg and managed to be returned to Germany on one of the last Luftwaffe flights out of the Stalingrad area. He limped until he died.

Stalingrad was a terrible battle for all involved, especially the civilians. On my paternal side, my father's older brother, drafted and unable to complete his university studies, never returned home. War causes terrible pain to all involved and is usually the result of crazed leaders who demand ultimate loyalty. May God save us from such hell in the future.